Tipu Growing in Las Veqas

Q. I have been wanting to plant a tipuana tree since I saw one in person (those pinnate leaves are gorgeous!) and I love the idea of a wide canopy.  You mentioned in a December 2013 blog that here the potential for damage from the roots would not be as concerning in Las Vegas as in other places as long as it was planted “several feet away from foundations, etc.” The location where I would like to plant is between the pool and the block wall.  The wall and the pool are separated by 19 feet.  Would planting 4 feet from the wall and 15 feet from the pool be reasonably safe? I have citrus, duranta repens, and some other cold sensitive plants that I dress in old school Christmas lights and wrap in frost cloth, so I understand it will take extra work to protect from the cold.  What do you think of my chances for success?

A. Just to be a little more clear than the section you read in my article. I am not a big fan of this tree but it has been pushed for planting in the Las Vegas area by a local nursery. You should read some of the comments from Arizona State University (Mesa, AZ) about its use in Phoenix.

http://www.public.asu.edu/~camartin/plants/Plant%20html%20files/tipuanatipu.html

If you plant this tree please be prepared that:

• It may freeze back during some of our winters in Las Vegas when winter temperatures get below 25F. In the past our winter temperatures have dipped regularly into the upper teens.
• It is not low water use. Expect that this tree will use more water than desert adapted trees of a similar size. So plan on using it in a part of your landscape that is wetter and not surrounded by rock mulch typical to desert landscapes.

Tipu dieback

This is a big tree. It can get to heights probably 35 to 50 feet tall in the desert. It routinely grows higher than this in nondesert landscapes.

/tipu canopy

So if you are fine with all this then I would not plant it closer than about 10 or 12 feet from a house foundation, patio, driveway, wall or sidewalk. When you plant it, focus the applied water in areas away from these areas. Try to leave at least three feet of dry soil between the tree and these locations. Nine times out of ten you will be fine closer than this but it is the 1 in 10 that concerns me. It should not be used in a hot part of the yard with lots of reflected heat and light.

Sapsucker damage on tipu

I have seen this tree in backyards that are protected from wind and with plenty of plants around it. I have seen them up to 20+ feet tall and looking pretty good but these are protected backyards.

Tipu growing in backyard

These are relatively new trees for Las Vegas so there is not much history on them. But I am always concerned when planting any long term tree that is freeze damaged at 25F in a climate that historically gets lower temperatures than this. I have a saying that I tell my students…be prepared to spend more time, energy and money on plants that may not be sustainable in our desert climate. I like to see trees that are key elements to a landscape that will survive winter temperatures at least to 20F.

Pomegranate Leaf Yellowing Could Be Weed Killers

Q. I have one pomegranate tree in bad shape. The leaves are turning yellow and then brown, underneath the veins are pink. This is one tree out of my 50 that looks like this each other tree look great with a lot of new growth. Any ideas what could be happening with this one tree?

A. Yellowing of the leaves could be caused by several things including flooding the soil too often, poor drainage and planting too deeply. However, if these trees have been growing for several years, you have done nothing differently and suddenly the leaves turn yellow, it could be damage from weed killers used in the area.

            Remember, apply weed killers only when there is no wind and temperatures are cool. Best times are usually spring and fall. Some weed killers can vaporize into the air when sprayed during the heat. Slight wind movement causes these vapors to drift onto the leaves of valuable plants nearby and damage them.

            Never spray weed killers when the wind is strong enough to move plant leaves. Use leaf movement as an indicator whether to spray or not. Early morning hours are usually best.

            Some worst offenders in this category are the lawn dandelion and similar weed killers. These types of weed killers move easily with air movements and cause leaf distortion, leaf yellowing, leaf death and even plant death.

            If the plant is actively growing when weed killers accidentally drift onto the leaves, then wash the leaves with water as soon as possible. Diluting weed killers with water while the leaves are still wet helps prevent damage.

            All you can do at this point is wait and see what happens. Fertilize it normally and water it. But remove the grass at least 2 to 3 feet from the trees and fertilize it with nitrogen fertilizer.

Another possibility could be salinity...salts...but you should see some leaf tip browning.

Bougainvillea Not Flowering

Q. I have two of these plants at my front door area that are two years old. They only bloomed the first year and this year they are very green but no flowers. How do I get them to flower?  I tried cutting the water for 2-3 weeks but that only made them grow and greener. I would appreciate any help and suggestions you may have. I have attached pictures of them.

A. Flowering requires at least 8 hours of direct sunlight everyday. If they are not getting enough they will be a nice green, grow well but flowering will be greatly reduced or eliminated. Over-application of rich soil amendments or high nitrogen fertilizers can also delay or decrease flowering but make a nice green plant. They might flower the first year because flowering was already started or flower buds were in progress from the nursery.

If you don’t have enough sunlight in that spot you will have to move them to a sunnier location or out further into the light. If this was from high nitrogen fertilizers or soil amendments just let the nitrogen get used up and they should start flowering when that happens. When fertilizing, use a tomato or rose fertilizer and not a lawn type fertilizer. The others have the right balance of nitrogen and phosphorus for flowering.

Tamarind in Las Vegas?

Q. My husband really wants to plant a tamarind tree from seed. My question: is this doable here? I know it can get to be a very big tree but he says he will see to it that it’s pruned well. Being a tropical tree, will it survive our winter and adapt to our climate when established? As my backyard is not that big, we will be planting it about 10 ft from the house. I am concerned that its litter will be problematic when it gets to be as tall as the lower part of my roof, like the wind blowing it’s fine leaves into the nooks and crevices of the roof tiles (that’s why we removed our mesquite). My husband is from Cavite, Philippines, and this is one tree he misses a lot.

These are our tamarind tree at our farm in the Philippines. Tamarind is a tropical tree that will not survive very cold temperatures as we find in most of the US. There is a  sweet and sour form of this tree. They begin to flower and produce fruit from pods when they are about 8 years old. This one is about 7 years old and I pruned it last year.

A. Forget the tamarind tree in Las Vegas if you want a consistent production. It is tropical and will not survive undamaged or it will die during a cold winter in Las Vegas when temperatures drop below freezing. If it does survive the first few years, its because of a lack in winter freezing, it will get damaged or even die when it does freeze. 

The extent of damage depends on how cold it gets, for how long and the age of the tree.  We have tamarind on our farm in Batangas (I am here now and can see it from here) but it is truly tropical. It will not produce any pods for about 8 years if planted from seed. Our tamarind is now flowering and fruiting because it is 8 years old. Pick a tree that will survive the cold. 

It would be a shame if you were to plant it and it gets four years old, big and then there is a freeze. You might lose the entire tree and it does not sucker well from the base as some other tropical trees can like horseradish tree (Malungay).which can be cut close to the ground and it will sucker..

It is better suited to warmer dry climates like the warmer, dry Sonoran Desert. For more information on Tamarind growing in the US try the Rare Fruit Growers fact sheet on it. Click here.

Cause of Double-Headed Date Palm

Q. Here's a fascinating palm tree photo I've taken in Las Vegas of a date palm, a monocot,  bifurcating at about 30' above the ground into a dicot. There are several of these bifurcated  date palms in the same parking lot. What is the reason?

A. I will post it with an explanation. It is not common but occasionally things like this occur when the terminal bud is damaged but not killed and regrowth from the terminal bud creates multiple new growing points. It has such strong terminal growth that it created two instead of more. Sometimes it creates only one new one. The alternative would have been death of the entire palm. What caused the damage? Who knows. Bugs, disease…physical damage during transport…

Red Bird of Paradise Girdling Roots and Borers

Q. I have a Mexican bird of paradise that was planted five years ago that suddenly died. It had flourished until now. I pulled out the plant and sent you some pictures of the dead plant, girdling or circling roots and borers that I found in the center of the stem that probably killed it.

Red Bird of Paradise dead in the middle of summer

A. I read your question and looked at the pictures with quite a bit of interest. This is the first time I have heard of flatheaded borers infesting Mexican bird of paradise. These are the same borers that attack fruit trees and landscape plants.

            Flatheaded borers, when they are young, feed just under the "bark" of the tree in the living vascular tissue. The center of woody plants is not living so they stay feeding where they can find water and nutrients. Essentially, they tunnel just under the bark and parallel with it in a random pattern.

Flatheaded borers pulled out of the stem of Red Bird of Paradise

            It is here that these larvae find the most nourishment for growth. When they get larger and ready to pupate or turn into the winged adult beetle, they burrow towards the center of the plant where there is not much nourishment. But this area does offer them protection.

            Here they begin their metamorphosis until they finally emerge as the adult beetle which flies away, mates and the female lays its eggs on the outer surface of susceptible plants.

            It’s not unusual to see some tunneling toward the woody center of limbs or stems. Or at least inside the wood of some plants.

            Girdling roots, larger roots that grow in circles, occur in plants when they are very young at the nursery. The roots of these plants are crammed into small nursery containers where they start growing in circles. They are then moved to larger containers where they continue to grow in circles.

Girdling roots of Red Bird of Paradise probably started when it was first planted from a seedling.

            They are then planted in the landscape where they continue to grow in circles. Gently remove plants from their containers and check for girdling roots before purchasing them. This is the only way you would know if they are girdling or not.

Planting Ornamental Plum in Mid Summer

Q. Would it be safe to plant a flowering plum tree in September or October or should I wait until spring?

This plum will look fairly good in this climate if the soils are amended at the time of planting and the soil is covered with about 4 - 6 inches of woodchips

A. I would wait until maximum daytime temperatures dropped down to the low 90s or high 80s. In Las Vegas that would probably be late September or early October. I would be comfortable planting trees until about 1 November.

Summer temperatures are just too hot for planting

            There are plants that like to be put in the ground when it’s hot. Palms are an example. They don’t like to be planted when it’s cold. The cut off for planting hybrid Bermudagrass is the end of July. It needs about two months of hot weather to knit into the soil.

            Actually, Fall is an ideal time to plant if you can find the plants you want. Fall planting gives you two times when the weather is nice; fall and the following spring.

            If you find a tree on sale now it will take a lot of diligence to keep it from getting damaged because of the heat. I would put it on the east side of the building and make sure it gets protection from the late afternoon sun. Or put it in filtered light.

            If it’s in a 5 gallon container, I would water it twice each day; once in the morning before it gets hot and the second time in the afternoon. Don’t let direct sunlight directly on the container. The surface temperature will heat up to about 160° F in just a few minutes. It can kill half of the roots inside the container facing the sun.

            Get a second container the same size and put some large rocks in the bottom and put the containerized plant inside of it. It’s called double potting. That will help keep the heat off it.

Pruning for Height Control on Miniature Peach

Q. I have a dwarf peach tree that was about a foot when I planted it last year. It has grown about 6 inches now. When can I prune it so it doesn't grow taller than me?  I am only 4 feet 10 inches and I don't want it to grow tall because I’m going to net it.

Miniature (genetic dwarf) peaches. Actually three of them planted in the same hole but 18 inches apart, one "high head" (grafted tall) and two low head (grafted low)..

A. I want to mention a couple things regarding your question. First, perhaps you mean it is a miniature peach and not a dwarf. Sometimes miniatures are also called genetic dwarf trees. To remove confusion let’s call the genetic dwarf trees “miniatures”.

            Sometimes the nursery trade calls peach trees grafted on certain types of rootstocks as dwarf. It’s true they are a little smaller because of these rootstocks, but not much. The term dwarf is more of a marketing ploy as far as peaches go.

Genetic dwarf or miniature peach.

            Genetic dwarf or miniatures are truly much smaller than the so-called dwarfs. They also grow differently and produce their fruit on branches differently. They are truly dwarf compared to standard -sized peach trees and the other so-called “dwarfs”.

            If you have a genetic dwarf or miniature peach, then it will be pruned much differently from other peaches. You want limbs coming from the trunk as low as possible. Bend these limbs toward the ground, like they have a fruit load on them. See if the fruit might touch the ground.

            If the fruit might touch the ground, consider removing the limb or at least cutting it back. Cutting it back might “thicken” and strengthen the branch and give the fruit more support so they don’t touch the ground.

            At this point in its life you just want it to grow. If it has side branches coming from the trunk at around the height of your knee, then it is doing it all on its own. If it’s a single stick and thick as your little finger, cut it at knee height. This cut will cause this solitary stem to start branching.

Bird damage on peach. If the fruit is firm (not hard) and you see this, pick!

            Secondly, why are you using a net? Birds? Harvest the fruit within one to two weeks of its normal harvest period as soon as bird pecks of the fruit are seen. Let the fruit finish ripening inside the house and off the tree. It is still considered “tree ripened”.

Controlling Nutgrass in Lawns

Q. I have a common lawn with my neighbor and it has an infestation of nutgrass that is now spreading into my lawn. How do I stop it? I've read sugar is a good alternative to herbicides but I would like your help to get this under control.

Nutgrass or nutsedge looks like a grass but it grows faster and it can have darker green leaves if it is purple nutgrass.

A. I have never heard about sugar used to control weeds. That is a new one on me.

            Nutgrass, sometimes called nutsedge, is a tough weed to control. Because it’s a sedge, the leaves look very similar to lawn grasses like fescue. Many people don't know it's in a lawn because it looks similar to the grass. It does grow faster than lawn grass and that can be a giveaway. It's also more upright in its growth so that can also give it away. And, of course, when it sets flowers and seed that can give it away.

If you look closely you can see the nut , the namesake for nutgrass. This is its survival mechanism when things go wrong.

            Nutgrass is called that because of the “nut” or tuber that grows below ground. It’s usually brought into home landscapes as a weed when buying nursery plants. Most people think it’s a grass and pull it but the nut in the soil is left behind. The plant and its soil are planted. From there it spreads.

            When it’s pulled like a weed from the soil, the leaves separate from the underground nut easily. The underground nut regrows new leaves. If the leaves are pulled over and over, as soon as you see them, the nut eventually gives up, exhausted, and dies. That is a common “organic” strategy for controlling nutgrass without chemicals.

Very sturdy nutgrass plant probably because it was growing in a vegetable garden.

            It’s also a common strategy when using chemicals. Weed killers burn the top of the plant down, over and over, until the nut just gives up.

            A weed killer that can be sprayed on the grass and only damages the nutgrass is available. It is called “Sledgehammer”. It’s only available for purchase online. In prior years it was only used by professionals. That formulation was called “Manage”.

            A similar strategy is used when spraying Sledgehammer. But sledgehammer actually kills a fair number of the nuts as well. But not all of them. So, it must be sprayed again when the leaves appear.

Sledgehammer available from Walmart

            When to make the second and third applications is very critical. The spray must be applied when the nut has “invested” its energy into the growth of new leaves. Wait too long and the leaves will rebuild the nut. As soon as they appear, no more than four leaves, Sledgehammer is sprayed again. Eventually, after repeat sprays at the right time, you have won the battle.

Summertime is Borer Damage Time

In the middle of summer this is what catches your eye. Limb dieback. Borers in peach tree.

This is the time of year when borer damage in trees and shrubs is most obvious. Limbs are dying. Their damage can be seen from a distance now but they’ve been working hard feeding on the inside of trees and shrubs for months. The telltale sign of borer damage is a single limb or branch with leaves that turn brown and the branch dies. That’s during dry weather which happens a lot here.

Sometime borers will catch your eye because the bark is peeling off the trunk.  Borers in ash tree.

            Borer damage is often times associated with damage to plants from intense sunlight, sometimes called sunburn or sunscald. Damage is often times seen on the hot exposures of a trunk or the upper sides of limbs. A good strategy is cautiously prune plants that get borers. These include many fruit trees, pyracantha, Arizona cypress, loquat, several types of landscape trees and shrubs.

They either cause or are attracted to plant parts damaged by the sun like the upper surface of branches or the south or west sides of the trunk.

            One borer in a small branch can kill it. But it takes two or three borers feeding in the same area of a limb to cause a larger branch to die the same season it is attacked. It’s probable that borers were present in trees, chewing away on the soft succulent inside just under the bark, for years before obvious summer dieback is seen.

The larva (borer) of the adult beetle can be found feeding on the inside of the tree, just under the bark. Borer in Red Bird of Paradise.

            Resistance to borers depends on the health and age of the tree. Healthy trees withstand several attacks by borers before damage is seen. Smaller sized trees are easily killed while larger ones are more resisitant. Sometimes trees are healthy enough that damage is never seen and they “outgrow it”.

            The best time to inspect a tree for borer activity, even if you don’t suspect anything, is immediately after a rain. The rain “softens” the surface of limbs or the trunk. Tree sap associated with the feeding of borers oozes from the trees, at the damaged area, resembling varnish remover oozing from the trunk or limbs.

Sap, either dried or still gooey, can be a dead giveaway of borer activity in some trees. Some trees are just naturally "gummy" and so you cant tell.

            If there is a lot of “varnish remover” coming from a limb or trunk, then there is heavy damage in those areas. Take a sharp, sanitized knife and remove the bark from the trunk or limb. The borers, or flat headed “worms”, lie just beneath the surface in those damaged areas. Remove them and cleanup the wound and let it heal. If damage is too severe, remove it.

Ash Decline Disease Looks Like Drought

Q. I think I have an ash tree. I've been reading about ash tree decline disease with some apprehension. I noticed my tree has bark with damp spots and it's starting to separate from the trunk. Is this a sign of ash tree decline or something else?

As you can see, ash decline looks exactly like the tree is not getting enough water. This is because the disease plugs up the tubes carrying water from the roots to the tops.

A. Probably not. Ash decline starts as dieback of the limbs from the outside, higher up on the tree. A common problem on many ash trees is sunscald or severe sunburn of the trunk and limbs in full sunlight.

            In our climate, sunlight is very intense and will “sunburn” exposed surfaces of some trees. These exposed surfaces can be the trunk, limbs and even the unprotected fruit of some fruit trees. Most of this sort of damage is seen on the West or South sides of tree trunks or on the upper surfaces of large limbs.

            We see this most often on trees that have thin bark covering the trunk and limbs such as some ash trees, locust and honeylocust, and many fruit trees. We don’t see it as often on trees with thick bark covering the trunk and limbs such as pine trees.

            It can be important to leave small stems growing from the trunk and limbs so they provide shade to help prevent damage from intense sunlight. Remove these small limbs when they get bigger than pencil-sized in diameter.

            Scientists don’t agree if these sunburned areas attract boring insects or not. It’s a “chicken and egg” kind of thing; did sunscald attract the borers or borers contribute to the sunscald? Regardless, oftentimes borers are found damaging the tree near these areas.

            It will not hurt the tree to remove the dead surface of the trunk or limb for a closer inspection. Either pull the loose bark from this area or cut it away with a clean knife. Inspect these areas for borer damage. Removing this dead surface area with a sharp knife helps the trunk or limbs heal more quickly. Make sure the tree is getting enough water at each watering and correct an irrigation problem if one is found.

             If you see some borer activity in fresh wood in the sunburned area, the tree will probably recover unless the damage is severe. Get the tree healthy and let it heal on its own. 

Lemon Tree with "Issues"

Q. I have a lemon tree with some possible “issues”. It has been in the ground 10 years, about 8 feet tall, but recently the leaves are turning yellow to brown and the branches are losing leaves in some spots. There is about 3-4" of rock under tree and thick weedblock under the rock.

In our Mojave Desert soils sometimes using rorck mulch on the soil surface can create problems.

A. If you read my column regularly, you may know what I’m about to say. In our desert soils, placing rock on the soil surface beneath fruit trees is a no-no. You might get away with it in other deserts where there has been some form of agriculture, but not here. Frankly, I’m surprised it has taken 10 years for the leaves to begin yellowing and browning. That may be a new record!

            Soils are made up of two major components; the mineral component which is sand, silt and clay and organic component. Our desert soils are extremely low in the organics; the “good stuff” that make soils come alive. We refer to this component as the organic component or “organics” or “organic matter” of the soil.

            Organics in the soil should rot or break down over a few years and disappear if not replaced regularly; every year in vegetable and herb beds or at least every 2 to 3 years around trees, fruit trees and shrubs. Trees and shrubs that originate in deserts, i.e., desert adapted, can tolerate soils with little organics in them. But that’s not true of plants that don’t come from deserts. This includes citrus.

            Your lemon tree is “behind the curve” regarding organics in the soil. The soil is probably extremely depleted. Adding compost or other sources of organics to the soil surface may not make much difference for a couple of years.

            I would remove the rock, punch holes in the soil, pour compost in these holes so that compost can impact the roots quickly. Or lightly mix compost into the upper surface of the soil. Compost tea may help. Add a cup of compost to a 5-gallon bucket of water, stir it, let it seep for a couple of hours and pour it over the top of the rocks. But ultimately you must get organics into the soil near the tree roots.

            Check the irrigation and make sure the tree is getting enough water. An 8-foot citrus tree should get about 20 – 30 gallons of water each time it’s irrigated. The water should be applied to at least half the area under the tree. Next February, add iron chelate to the soil to correct andy possible leaf yellowing due to iron chlorosis.

Grape Screen Idea Not Bug Free

Q. I want to grow grapes to provide a screen between my neighbor's yard and mine. We have a five-foot block wall between us. I want to grow grape vines to seven feet and two feet away yet parallel to the wall. This wall faces south and receives full sun all day. I want a variety that tolerates the sun and heat in this spot.

If using grapes as part of your landscape be aware that they can be "buggy" due to skeletonizers, leafhoppers, whitefiles and all.

A. Most hot climate grapes handle the heat extremely well. You probably want a table or desert grape. Most of the grapes available in grocery stores can be grown in the hot desert. The most popular table grape is Thompson seedless and handles the heat and southern exposure very well.

            When growing grapes, remember the problems with varmints that many landscape plants don’t have. Insect problems include the skeletonizer, leafhoppers, whiteflies and a few other lesser problem insects.

            Birds are a big problem with grapes as well as ground squirrels if ground squirrels are in the area. As the berries begin to ripen and get sweet, it will be a battle for the fruit between you and them.

            Remember these plants are deciduous so they drop their leaves in the winter. They won’t provide much of a visual barrier during the winter. Prune to keep them productive year after year.

Palo Verde Foaming

Q. I have two Palo Verde trees in front of my house. One seems to be fine while the other has struggled for four years. I am told the tree is healthy but every summer it leaks white, sticky foam from the trunk. This foam attracts bees and beetles. The tree has received professional borer treatments twice a year but it’s still bad.

Foam coming from trees that attract flies and other insects are a good sign of slime flux or wetwood disease.

A. Save your money. This is not an insect problem. It is a disease problem but a disease that will not kill the tree. Let me explain.

            You mentioned bees and beetles are attracted to this foam. I am 99% sure, based on the picture you sent and your description, this is a disease called slime flux, sometimes called bacterial wetwood. It is a nonlethal disease to the tree. It attacks only dead or dying wood inside the core of the tree.

            Nonliving wood inside the tree cannot fight off disease microorganisms because it is dead. The only microorganisms which feed on this wood are "saprophytes". Similar microorganisms feed in compost piles and convert raw waste into compost.

            These microorganisms do not feed on living parts of the tree because living parts of healthy trees can “fight back”. Bacteria involved with slime flux create a foam with a characteristic smell of fermenting yeast or brewing beer. This "yeasty" smell attracts flies, bees and other insects such as beetles because this smell resembles rotting or fermenting fruit.

            Normally, this disease bothers us because of these insects and its general “ugliness”. It does not hurt the tree. It may bother us because the foam dripping down the trunk of the tree causes discoloration of the trunk and unsightliness.

            Probably this infection was transferred to this tree by unsanitary pruning practices. I always emphasize sanitizing and sharpening pruning equipment. When a tree is infected with a disease, it is extremely important to sanitize the pruning equipment before pruning a new tree.            There is no cure for this problem. You and the tree must live with it.

            Some arborists may drill a hole into the tree trunk and insert a metal tube just below the foam and sticks out of the trunk. This foam drains inside the tube and drips to the ground without touching the trunk. Make sure any tools and equipment which touches the inside of the tree has been sanitized thoroughly.

Black Plastic Under Rock Problems

Q. I’ve read somewhere that you should not place black plastic under rock used for desert landscaping. I have it there. We are an older couple and cannot remove it easily. Can we do anything else?

Black plastic under rock mulch tears and deteriorates in a few years. Shouldn't be used under rock.

A. I realize you understand that using black plastic is not a good idea under the rock. Using plastic under rock mulch in desert landscapes prevents air from reaching the roots. Roots need water, but they also need to “breathe”. Black plastic is not permanent while rock is. Sooner or later, this black plastic will begin poking through the rock mulch as it is punctured and disintegrates.

            Consider punching air holes through the plastic at the base of trees and other plants to help air reach the roots. The downside of this recommendation is it may cause the black plastic to rip and disintegrates sooner, peaking its ugly head through the rock.

            Don't think you have to remove all this plastic at once. If you see some sticking up through the rocks, remove it until more appears.

            A more expensive option instead of plastic is called a “weed barrier”. This is spun or woven material that “breathes”, allowing air and water movement. I personally don’t particularly like weed barriers because they do not prevent many of our most troubling weeds like common Bermudagrass and nutgrass. Instead I would recommend spending a little bit more money on rock mulch and applying it thicker, perhaps 3 – 4 inches deep instead of two.

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Citrus Roostock Sucker? Look at the Thorns

Q. I'm not sure if the branch at the bottom of my lemon is a sucker or a real branch.  I know if it comes from below the graft to remove it, but I can’t see where it comes from exactly. The leaves from this growth are huge, too.  It's about 6-8 inches from the soil.

Picture of trifoliate orange thorns

A. Look for long thorns. The rootstock used for citrus in our climate is frequently trifoliate orange, which produces an extremely sour, nonedible citrus fruit. It has huge thorns, up to 2 inches long! If this growth does not have thorns, or it they are small, it is probably lemon. The sucker is right on the edge, but I think it is coming from the scion (lemon).

            If you applied compost to the tree as it is growing, it may make some huge leaves. If you use compost as a fertilizer, apply it each year after you harvest the fruit. Water it in thoroughly.

            If you applied woodchips to the soil beneath the tree, apply it in a larger area under the tree as the tree gets bigger. Apply enough so it is at least four inches deep. Keep woodchips 6 inches from the trunk or it can rot it.

In the West, Use Western Redbud

Q. Last Spring(2017) the leaves looked like they were being eaten.  Upon searching thoroughly, I couldn't see any creatures. Tree seemed to be losing some leaves early...some were speckled as shown in attached picture.  I thought the tree would die..Spring 2018...tree in full bloom (with exception of a few branches)...bees were loving it.  Now, it's back to  chewed leaves.  What can be done to establish a healthy tree again. Today, it was fed and watered with attached...what can be done to bring it back to good health.

Leafcutter bee circles in plant leaves. They are good guys.

This is Eastern Redbud. They cannot handle desert soils very well and certainly not rock mulch. Try to find Western Redbud. But use woodchip mulch and apply compost to the soil . Work it into the soil where the roots are.

Its okay but you need compost, soil amendment added to the soil to make it alive again.

Q. The first picture is leafcutter bee. I advocate to do nothing. They are vegetable pollinators primarily since they come out late.

http://xtremehorticulture.blogspot.com/2014/05/leafcutter-bee-perfect-circles-now-seen.html

http://xtremehorticulture.blogspot.com/2014/09/leaf-cutter-bees-destroying-leaves-on.html

As far as the plant health, this is EASTERN redbud. It doesn’t care for our desert soils much. If you put it in soil covered in surface rock mulch get rid of it and use woodchip mulch. Before you apply it, put about ½ bag of good compost like Viragrow’s Soil Pro and water it in. 

Next time you plant, use half and half soil from the hole and compost and then plant it as you water it in the soil making a slurry. Then cover the rootball area with woodchips and not rock. Eastern plants like Eastern soils. Next time try a Western Redbud. Likes our soils much better.

Check and make sure it is getting enough water each time its watered. Not frequency, how often it is applied, but amount of water.

I Want Larger Tomatoes

Q. I have a tomato garden 4x8x1 foot deep. Ever year I put in 3 new plants of early girl, champion, roma.  I redo soil every year and plants get very big with lots of flowers and tomatoes. My problem is tomatoes only get about 2 inches in diameter what am I doing wrong?

Celebrity and Beefmaster from a reader in the Mojave Desert

A. Remember to rotate your tomato family of plants to new locations each year. Try to replant in the same area every five years if possible. Do it AT LEAST every three years to minimize potential disease problems. To learn more about rotating vegetables in the garden go here.

All three varieties of tomatoes are solid producers for the desert. There are several things you can try to get larger fruit. Varieties of tomatoes will have a maximum fruit size dictated by the variety. Heavy crop loads lead toward smaller fruit.

Soil enrichment

Make sure the soil is amended, biologically active and easy to work before planting. A good quality compost goes a long way to improve the soil in all of these regards. When planting, it should be easy to insert a garden trowel into the soil. No digging with a shovel should be necessary after it has been amended.

Fertilizer applications

Fruit size can be affected by fertilizers. Use a pre-planting phosphorus application to the soil at the time of planting. One pre-plant application of phosphorus each growing season should be plenty. Don't forget potassium. Phosphorus is frequently high-end compost but potassium is oftentimes low. Having a little extra potassium in the soil will not cause problems like high amounts of phosphorus can. 

Use light, monthly applications of nitrogen to the soil as a side dressing to boost performance and keep growth at its peak. I like to tell my students, when the soil is giving to the plants, you must give to the soil. When you take from the plants, give something to the plants. Light, continual applications of fertilizer will maximize production.

Bone meal is high in phosphorus

Water

This is a very important limiting factor in fruit size. Smaller fruit are frequently more intensely flavored than larger fruit coming from the same variety. However, we are conditioned to think that bigger is better. If plants are water stressed when the fruit is gaining size, it will result in smaller fruit. This can be good or bad.

Of course soil moisture monitoring is important but what can even be more important is the use of mulch on the soil surface when air temperatures start reaching about 80° F. I don't like straw much because it's hard to work into the soil at the end of the growing season. A light covering, no more than half inch, is all that you need. 

Pine shavings dissolve into the soil quickly and are not a problem when intensely gardening.

I like things you can apply to the surface that dissolve into the soil easier like shredded newspaper, rice hulls, pine shavings used for animal bedding, etc. yes, they can rob the soil of nitrogen but if you're constantly feeding your vegetables it won't make any difference.